Networking and Communication Engineering

P. C. Gopi ¹, R. Sharmila ¹, V. Vijayalakshmi ²

Affiliations
1 Dept of Electronics and Communication, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology, Pondicherry, IN
2 Dept of Electronics and Communication, Pondicherry Engineering College, IN

Abstract

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is usually considered as a large-scale network with thousands of tiny sensors and deployed in smart grid, smart city, smart home, and so forth to sense the information. The primary goal of WSNs is how to collect sensed information in energy efficient way since the energy is limited. Hence to reduce the power consumption we go for the technique of cell zooming and green energy concepts where the amount of power consumed can be effectively reduced by having low-power, low cost base station. This proposed system utilizes an indigenously developed routing protocol which proves to be effective in the picture where we consider energy efficiency as the major constraint. Also the proposed technique is a derivation of the sector mapping technique where robust sector division occurs by only considering a few parameters by using the paradigm divide and conquer methodology. Sensors have limited battery power, energy-efficient routing is important. Also in the results we have incorporated the concept of electro-magnetic pollution index (EPI) for visual simulation.

Keywords

Conventional Routing (CR), Electro-Magnetic Pollution Index (EPI), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Cluster Head (CH).

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V. Vijayalakshmi ¹, G. Zayaraz ², V. Nagaraj ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Pondicherry Engineering College, IN
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pondicheery Engineering College, IN
3 Pauls Engineering College, Vanur, T.N, IN

Abstract

Steganography is the art of hiding the very presence of communication by embedding secret messages into innocuous looking cover images. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography that replaces the least significant bits of the host medium is a widely used technique with low computational complexity and high insertion capacity. Although it has good perceptual transparency, it is vulnerable to steganalysis which is based on statistical analysis. Many other steganography algorithms have been developed such as spread spectrum embedding, Discrete Cosine Transforms (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). But in all these existing schemes the hidden secret message in a cover message can be easily detected from the histogram analysis and statistical analysis. Therefore developing new LSB steganography algorithms against histogram and statistical analysis is a critical issue. This paper proposes a modulo based image steganography algorithm for both colour as well as for black and white images. Histogram and statistical analysis performed on the stego image proved that the proposed method can effectively resist statistical steganalysis.

Keywords

Least Significant Bit (LSB), Embedding, Stego Image, Histogram Analysis, Statistical Analysis.

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